Golf ball-sized rocks fell at the coast, 18 km 11 mi away. The lava stream is about 3 m 10 ft wide. Lava flows finally began to erupt again about 1, years ago, breaking the 1,year-long interval dominated by explosive eruptions.
Lava completely filled the summit caldera, then overflowed to form a new shield—the Observatory shield—in place of the caldera. Flows spilled into the surrounding forest, which had grown during the previous centuries, and lava also erupted frequently along the volcano's east and southwest rift zones.
Some archaeologists think people first arrived on the island in the beginning half of the 13th century, to years after the Observatory shield started to form.
Construction of the shield ended around the year CE. The caldera floor dropped to a depth of about m ft , with diameters of 3. This oral tradition describes the caldera's formation by a dramatic collapse of the volcano's summit area. So, how did the caldera form? To trigger a collapse, the material must be removed from the magma reservoir within the volcano, creating a void into which the overlying rocks fall. Perhaps incremental collapse occurred as the magma storage region gradually emptied, then eventually led to a final large collapse as described in Hawaiian chants.
During that time, at least four strong explosive eruptions sent tephra high into the jet stream, with ash falling over a broad area east and offshore of the volcano. Near the end of this explosive period in , a series of explosive eruptions sent searing pyroclastic surges at least 3.
This was the deadliest eruption known from a U. Several hundred and perhaps more than a few thousand people were killed within a few hundred meters of where the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory and the National Park's Jaggar Museum are located today. The unfortunate victims died as a result of the hot, ash-rich surge that both suffocated and burned them.
Sign In or Create an Account. User Tools. Sign In. Advanced Search. Skip Nav Destination Article Navigation. Close mobile search navigation Article navigation. Volume 45, Number 1. Previous Article Next Article. Article Navigation. Research Article January 01, Garcia ; Michael O.
Google Scholar. Brian R. Jicha ; Brian R. Jared P. Marske ; Jared P. Aaron J. Pietruszka Aaron J. By April, the eruptions became localized at one vent. The frequent short eruptions produced thick chunky lava flows that usually cooled and halted before reaching the coast.
However, in July , the lava made its inexorable advance into the nearby Royal Gardens subdivision and destroyed 16 homes. The expensive subdivision was largely abandoned. In , lava flows cut through the town of Kalapana as the lava made its way to the sea. In March , Kilauea entered its most destructive eruption period in modern history. Over the summer more than homes, a church and a store were buried beneath 50 to 80 feet 15 to 24 meters of lava. On March 3, , the very last house in the Royal Gardens subdivision was abandoned by year-old Jack Thompson.
For years, Thompson had watched as lava claimed the homes of his neighbors, leaving the area to Thompson and a few hardy squatters. The last roads leading to Royal Gardens were closed in , forcing Thompson to hike several miles to reach an access road whenever he needed something from town, but he still refused to leave.
Finally on the morning of March 3, Thompson and a friend were evacuated by helicopter as lava finally consumed his home. Lava flowed over the ledge again in January and continues to flow into the ocean, according to USGS.
The volcano has destroyed hundreds of homes and other structures and frequently damages local utilities and roads.
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